推動花蓮的合作經濟體系政府花很多錢在推動地方創生,並且希望發展地方亮點。然而,如何才能真正的治本而非只有治標,就得回到「經濟模式」來看。...
the deliberate weakening of social protections has produced greater financial and economic insecurity
Joseph E. Stiglitz considers what 40 years of anti-government, low-tax, deregulatory advocacy have wrought around the world.
neoliberalism simply did not deliver what it promised
countries under the sway of neoliberalism have consistently failed to enact strong regulations against pollution (or, in the US, to address the opioid crisis
unregulated markets are neither efficient nor stable
expanding the freedom of corporations curtails freedom across the rest of society
The freedom to pollute means worsening health (or even death, for those with asthma), more extreme weather, and uninhabitable land
what they earn was made possible by government investment in infrastructure, technology, education, and public health ... what they would have if they had been born in one of the many countries without the rule of law
Where would Elon Musk and Tesla be if not for the near-half-billion-dollar lifeline they received from President Barack Obama’s Department of Energy in 2010?
“Taxes are what we pay for civilized society,”
taxes are what it takes to establish the rule of law or provide any of the other public goods that a twenty-first-century society needs to function
if most people are forced to endure the insecurity of not having reliable health care or adequate incomes in old age, society has become less free: at a minimum, they lack freedom from the fear of how traumatic their future might be
dishonesty, socially destructive profiteering, and rent-seeking will prevail, public trust will continue to crumble, and materialism and greed will triumph
selfish
scoundrels and opportunists
a society without trust
if we want to live in a society that values all citizens and strives to create ways for them to live full and satisfying lives
people suffering from precarity, which means existing without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare ... lack of job security
In sociology and economics, the precariat (/prɪˈkɛəriət/) is a neologism for a social class formed by people suffering from precarity, which means existing without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare. The term is a portmanteau merging precarious with proletariat.[1] Unlike the proletariat class of...
蒲公英族(英語:precariat;/prɪˈkɛəriət/),或譯作「流眾」[1]、「不穩定無產者」[2]、「殆危族」、「飄零族」[3][4]等,在社会学和经济学中,是由飽受不稳定之苦的人组成的階級。蒲公英族是不稳定(precarious)与无产阶级(proletariat)的混成词。 [5][6]...
領導人堅定信念貫徹始終與重視傳承,團隊的經營與群策群力才能走得長久
我們常遇到一開始很多人表達有興趣參與,但能夠堅持到底的人是少數,有時讓人感到孤單,甚至還要面對生態旅遊發展太慢、經濟上無法立竿見影的質疑。當滿懷理想想要協助社區走向永續的旅遊發展,但又是快不得,雖是居民的信心危機,但也在考驗著團隊的信念與決心
人事的問題最磨心,而一個社區總是需要一些「石磨仔心」。磨到現在,即便彼此曾經有過多次意見不合,甚至爭吵,至今還是很重視珍惜著彼此。「 十六年前,因為觀念不合,幾乎吵了快一整年」……曲折磨合
「社區的工作很磨人,更磨心。」「沒有傻子般的傻勁與執著,大概就做不了地方的工作。」
人事關係複雜,既勞心又勞力……很多次都想直接放棄了……除了與地方一起打拚的決心毅力之外,社區工作者有一定的的人格特質,視野高遠,也還需要有柔軟身段,才能低下身段、捲起袖子
高EQ,以及柔軟的身段
社區工作首先必須與地方做溝通,這是一個很大的挑戰。「如果想要將理念實踐,必得要透過溝通,有這一層功夫,概念方能轉譯成價值。」 但也唯有取得信任(信任是一種社會資本),居民聽得懂,社區才動得起來,否則美意到了地方,反而變成爭奪資源的戰場,更遑論還有因為工作分配不均、頭銜、意見不合等其他問題……
「社區工作,太笨或太聰明的人都做不起來的。」
做好社區工作可以養活自己,但是肯定不會賺大錢
現在的社會氛圍仍很『速食化』
「很多社區工作最後會『走鐘』”,主要是因為初衷的改變,如果志工的初衷從『為人民服務』,之後傾斜成『為人民幣服務』,最後自然不會有好的合作結果。」
可貴之處是在計畫形成初期,社區和公務同仁一起溝通討論形成共識的過程。另一個值得一提的是,社區林業計畫非常重視人才培育…巡護……長期下來累積社區的社會資本與環境資本
「夜間遊程是社頂部落生態旅遊一個很關鍵的里程碑,給了鄉親很大的信心,讓居民看到了希望與目標,從過去開會時的三三兩兩,轉變成大夥兒積極參與投入,凝聚了當時幾乎要瓦散掉的團隊。」陳美惠回憶道。
過程中的磨合,有時候因爲價值觀念不同,或有意氣之爭,反而形成小團體或甚至造成分裂
生態旅遊操作方式(總量管制、單一窗口、環境教育、培力造人、生態資源監測與保育、社區回饋 )
社會面,制度面,文化面,環境面&經濟面
Socio-Ecological Production Landscape and Seascape
社會—生態的生產地景與海景
社經地位不高、人民剽悍,曾經是……一個化外之地
為什麼台灣政府相關單位仍故步自封?……政府在口頭上鼓勵山村發展微型經濟之餘,是否也能在法規上實際給予支持…協調,修訂出跟得上民間[小型創新企業]腳步的合理政策……?
地方創生最重要的在『人』,這個『人』代表的也是政府官員的思維
社區解說員很多原本可能生活沒有目標,但在接受訓練後整個人都變得有自信
臺灣最缺願意做事的人,談到做事,大家都會說好,「好、好、好!」「你去做就好!」但多年的社區經驗讓他發現,只要參與者覺得透過這樣的工作自己會有所成長,大多數的人還是會繼續再來參與。
在一九九〇至二〇一〇年這二十年間……
這期間也正是《促進產業升級條例》的施行期間
若想了解台灣產業政策的功與過,這段歷史值得好好研究
《促進產業升級條例》獎勵投資多於獎勵升級……廢除五年免稅…是《產升條例》[《促進產業升級條例》的簡稱] 的重要特色……但一九九五年立法院修法,把五年免稅的優惠還給重要科技事業和重大投資事業,但須在股東投資抵減和五年免稅中擇一適用。二○○○年《產升條例》再修法並延長十年,將五年免稅的優惠限用於「新興重要策略性產業」。五年免稅與股東投資抵減仍是擇一適用,但只留下法人股東的抵減優惠,個人股東的抵減在修法後五年內逐步歸零。立法諸公顯然受到來自產業界的壓力,才把「五年免稅」的優惠從資源回收桶裡找回來。在《獎勵投資條例》實施的後期,五年免稅已經成為最受歡迎、應用最廣泛、稅損最大的獎勵項目,很難斷奶。此外,《產升條例》生效以後,科學園區的廠商根據《科學園區管理條例》,仍繼續享受五年免稅的優惠,使園區內外的相同產業有不平等的租稅待遇(二○○○年《產升條例》修法時才將園區的租稅優惠併入,消除區內外的差異)。五年免稅的恢復,賦予政府繼續挑選贏家的力量,而且因為範圍較《獎勵投資條例》時代縮小,篩選力道更強。《獎勵投資條例》時代,只要合乎「生產事業獎勵類目及標準」即可享受五年免稅,產業範圍很廣,現在只剩下「新興重要策略性產業」。從這個角度看,《產升條例》的成敗更適合用來檢驗產業政策的功過。《產升條例》實施初期十年的所謂「重大投資事業」,標準不甚明朗,由工業局逐案審查,不過基本上獎勵對象是投資金額龐大的一些個案,例如六輕的投資案等……從事後結果看,《產升條例》的租稅獎勵大部分用於獎勵資本支出,而非功能別的項目。在所有功能別的獎勵項目中,只有自動化投資的抵減是最受歡迎的優惠,其他項目的使用率甚低,尤其是人才培訓和國際品牌兩項,申請適用者寥寥可數。人才培訓旨在提高勞動生產力,國際品牌旨在改變經營模式,立意良善,但廠商顯然缺乏呼應政策的誘因,充分證明「徒法不足以自行」。相對的,「重大投資事業」和「重要科技事業」的租稅減免金額則自一九九五年修法後逐步擴大,穩定成長。自動化和汙染防治設備的投資抵減其實都只是鼓勵投資,並不是鼓勵升級。企業除了在人才培訓、建立國際品牌這些改變企業體質的投資上躑躅不前,即使在改變生產方法的投資方面,也偏好設備投資勝於研發投資。投資於新設備和研發是企業提升競爭力的兩大路徑,前者擴大規模,後者則促成創新;台灣企業明顯偏好前者。這段期間台灣發展的主力產業,如半導體或面板,具有技術變遷快、資本折舊快的特性,不斷投資新設備,生產力就會提升,而且投資新設備在五年免稅的優惠下,投資成本可以大幅下降。換言之,租稅優惠的結果強化企業風險趨避的心態,而非鼓勵冒險。以一九九○年代投資最旺盛的半導體為例,如果資本設備在五年內折舊完畢,則「五年免稅」的優惠可使資本報酬完全免稅。在半導體產業有著名的摩爾定律(Moore's Law),指半導體的製程技術在十八個月內即縮減一半的線徑;換言之,十八個月即有新生產設備的出現。由於資本設備的更新速度快,「五年免稅」和投資抵減的優惠甚至可使半導體企業的實質稅負變成負數。半導體業是資本密集的產業,資本的成本下降,當然使產業的總體成本下降,低成本是台灣半導體業競爭的核心優勢。取得租稅獎勵的行政成本不同,也有鼓勵投資甚於研發的傾向。資本支出較容易證明和辨識,研發支出則比較不容易認定。「重大投資事業」和「重要科技事業」的投資抵減必須在投資前取得政府獎勵的許可;研發投資的獎勵則採事後審查的方式。事前許可雖然麻煩,但減少獎勵的不確定性;事後審查則增加不確定性。而且負責事前許可的是工業局,重視產業發展;負責事後審查的是財政部,重視的是稅收減少。稅務行政也造成投資優惠較研發優惠更受歡迎的局面。總的來說,《產升條例》雖明言要獎勵產業升級,結果還是獎勵投資多於升級。在幾個功能性的獎勵項目中,只有研發支出獎勵有較明顯的效果,研發支出占GDP的比例由一九九○年的一‧六六%增加到二○○○年的二‧○五%,確實有增加,但仍不如預期。我們不得不承認《產升條例》的功能別獎勵並未真正對企業的特定活動產生太大的鼓勵效果,反而對資本形成有較大的幫助。這和租稅獎勵的設計、稅務行政以及「五年免稅」的復活有關係,也受產業發展的「路徑依循」限制。產業的發展畢竟不是隔空抓藥,政策的力道再強,也得看市場是否有支撐條件。台灣一九九○年產業發展最大的市場引力,就是自一九八六年以後風起雲湧的海外投資所衍生的跨國需求。台商在海外投資所建立的海外生產基地,利用國外廉價的勞動力,大幅度擴大生產規模,衍生對國內上游原物料及零組件的巨大需求,轉而誘發國內上游產業的擴大投資。這些上游產業基本上是資本密集的產業,適合在台灣生產,而《產升條例》對投資的獎勵如火上加油,產生很好的效果,加速產業垂直的轉換;下游萎縮,上游膨脹。在一九八六至一九九○年間台灣對外投資有三個主力產業:紡織成衣、化學製品(含塑膠)、電子產品;而它們的上游產業紡織纖維、化學材料、電子零件(包括半導體)也正是一九九○年代國內大投資潮的主角。這是一種背向整合(backward integration)的發展模式,透過下游的擴張,帶動上游的成長,而且上下游的垂直連結跨越了國境。三個產業中,電子零件業積極投資最為突出。如果我們以工商普查的統計資料檢視一九九一至二○○一年間產業固定資本總量[stock]的變化,可以計算出這十年間,台灣製造業整體的資本存量增加一二三‧二%,各行業之中則以電子零件業的資本存量增加一○○九%最高;亦即十年間成長十倍,這主要是拜半導體業的大量投資之賜。
規模的迷思——企業變大,但沒有變強……台商整合的海外資源,是市場上最容易取得的初級資源,例如土地和勞動力,很少涉及策略性資源,例如高階人才或技術資源。如果像先進國家的跨國公司一樣,要整合跨國的策略性資源,規模效益應該更顯著。台灣企業的規模化除跨國生產的需求外,也受國內資本市場發展的影響。一九九○年以後,台灣的股票市場逐漸成熟,有利於經營良好的企業規模擴張。政府對股票投資產生的資本利得一直給予免稅的優惠,只有股息收入要併入其他個人收入,課徵綜合所得稅。因此上市公司如果只配股,不配息,將盈餘轉投資,使公司不斷擴大規模,對股東來說,既賺到股價差,又不用繳稅;公司則利用《產升條例》的優惠待遇,透過新投資取得五年免稅或投資抵減的優惠。對於具有成長性的企業來說,股市可以提供無成本的資金,公司只要印股票就可以換鈔票,投資於產能的擴充。換言之,只要投資人認為有成長前景的產業,企業規模自然有擴大的趨勢,一直到投資人認為產業已走到成熟階段,成長不再可期為止。企業若欲展示成長力道,以說服投資人,營收就要不斷擴大。除了自力投資擴產外,併購其他企業也有相同的效果,而併購也使規模變大。台灣特有的資本利得免稅和產業稅制,對資本密集型產業的企業規模壯大有重大影響。例如半導體業的台積電雖然開辦後不久每年都有盈餘,但自一九九四年上市以來都以配股為主,配息為輔,直到二○○五年以後股利政策才翻轉。台積電迄今為止甚少進行對外投資,因此其生產規模的擴大無法以跨國生產的需求來解釋,台灣資本市場的規則與產業稅制才是其生產規模達到世界頂峰的重要推手。……台灣廠商進行跨國生產的本質,僅止於取得一般性的生產資源,例如土地或勞力,達到提高生產效率的目的,卻無法利用海外的策略性資源進行創新……為什麼台灣的廠商雖然規模變大了,市場集中度也變高了,卻未取得熊彼得所言的創新優勢呢?這主要有兩個原因,一是缺乏超額利潤,一是缺乏實現創新價值的能力。缺乏超額利潤,就無法長期投入研發;雖然規模大,但是毛利低,沒有能力承擔長期研發的風險。另一方面,因其在生產鏈上地位的關係,即使有創新,也無法獨力實現創新的價值,獲得創新的報酬。從事代工生產的廠商即使有創新,創新所生的價值必須由客戶加持才能實現,客戶由創新得到的利益,永遠比代工廠更高
執行期間以短期計畫居多,很少有長期計畫,以工研院執行的「科專」為例,最長是五年。這種短期計畫只能針對產業迫在眉睫的需求進行研究,研究目標都是世界上已經存在並且商品化的技術,無法進行前瞻性的研究。經濟部對執行計畫的考核也以立即性的指標為主,例如技術轉移的收益,甚少長期的指標,例如產業的產值;因此計畫傾向於解決產業眼前面臨的技術難題,鮮少開創性的研究
立法院後來要求工研院來自政府的預算必須與來自民間的經費相等,而民間經費只會來自大型企業,因此工研院和大型企業的互利關係變成了法定義務,工研院服務中小企業的空間縮小,幾乎成了大型企業的輔佐研究機構
在市場競爭壓力下,企業研發支出日增,但大部分研發投資於生產技術的改良,創新性不高,更無破壞性創新。只重技術改良,沒有產品創新,使二○○○年以後的二十年間,台灣產業升級遭遇巨大的瓶頸
《產升條例》下的各種租稅優惠,加上自一九九六年以來實施的「兩稅合一」,使稅基不斷流失,政府赤字不斷擴大,導致二○○五年朝野合力通過《所得基本稅額條例》,建立所謂「最低稅負制」,將企業享受的各種優惠歸零,重新計算一個無優惠下的「基本稅額」,稅率介於一二%至一五%,企業最終的稅負不得低於此一水準。「最低稅負制」為特定產業的租稅優惠設下天花板,相對於一般企業營利事業所得稅二五%雖然仍落差很大,不過總算拉近距離,消除某些資本密集產業長期免納稅的奇特現象。
配合租稅優惠的廢除,另外修法把營利事業所得稅由二五%降為一七%,以爭取企業界的支持。《產業創新條例》確實是我國產業稅法的里程碑,終於擺脫「五年免稅」的長期糾纏,工業局也不必再編制「十大新興策略性工業」的清單
除降低營所稅外,也降低遺產贈與稅、鼓勵海外資金回流、鼓勵海外台商回台股票上市……在劉兆玄院長任內曾提出「六大新興產業」的構想,企圖在當時獨大的資訊半導體產業基礎上,延伸並分散產業的發展。劉內閣列舉的「六大新興產業」包括生物科技、觀光旅遊、綠色能源、醫療照護、精緻農業、文化創意產業,都不是製造業,可見目的是利用資訊技術的基礎,發展相對落後的服務業和農業。「六大新興產業」構想提出當時,台灣產業的現狀是半導體一柱擎天,但平均薪資長年不成長,造成民怨,而且超過六成的民間就業在服務業部門,而服務業正是低薪工作人口密集的地方,因此有必要提升服務業的生產力。這個構想不論是目標還是政策工具,都與傳統產業政策的思維不同,例如其中的生物科技產業計畫以成立大基金的方式推動,以突破生技產業一直欠缺的關鍵規模(critical mass)。可惜隨著劉內閣下台,「六大新興產業」計畫就被束之高閣。半導體產業繼續獨走
蔡英文在大選期間就揭示「五大新興產業」的政策,主張重點發展智慧機械、亞洲矽谷(物聯網產業)、綠能科技、生醫產業、國防產業。蔡當選後,因應各方要求,又增列新農業、循環經濟兩項,形成執政後「五加二產業」的政策。相對於馬英九執政時期模糊的產業政策,民進黨似乎有意凸顯對產業發展的重視。「五大新興產業」基本上都是製造業…………新政府設立一個類似新加坡淡馬錫的投資公司,名為台杉資本,部分由政府出資外,募集民間資金,投資於五大新興產業。此外,針對綠能和國防產業,以政府採購的方式,企圖育成國內相關產業。例如在綠能科技方面,利用離岸風機的採購,植入國產化的條款,以拉抬國內的供應鏈……可見政治雖然已經民主化,政府選擇贏家的傾向並未改變,「新興策略性產業」的觀念仍揮之不去。如果不是舊習難改,就是這種政策有利於執政……五大新興產業的發展強調「先國內、後國際」的策略,先在國內練兵,創造國內冠軍(國家隊),再出馬國際,爭取國際冠軍。過去台灣產業的發展策略從來沒有這種「先內後外」的策略,向來一開始就面向國際。如果沒有國際市場,台灣產業就沒有機會走出第一步;從來只有在國際市場練兵,沒有國內練兵。這種極端的全球化思維使台灣產業發展成功,也避免政府過度介入產業發展,揠苗助長
未達破產線的金融機構則可將不良債權售予和「重建基金」同時設立的三家「資產管理公司」,逐步改善資產負債的結構。政府為了協助金融機構改善體質,把它們的營業稅由五%降到二‧五%,讓它們慢慢累積盈餘,提高自有資本比率。政府的溫暖措施讓良莠不齊的金融機構都度過危機,二○○四年後政府試圖推動金融機構整併(第二次金改),因時機已晚,遭遇政治上的巨大阻力。缺乏整併,使台灣金融機構,尤其是銀行,遲遲無法跳脫規模過小、缺乏效率的困境。銀行無法承擔較高的風險,乃一昧追逐新興的消費貸款和理財市場,在金融產業全球化的浪潮下,長期困在低成長的深淵中。它們長年保有巨額的爛頭寸,使台灣無論是小型或大型企業都失去冒險的能力
二○○○年以後,政府為了保護出口動能,乃以低估匯率和引進外籍勞工作為主要政策工具……二○○七年又容許三班工作制的製造業可以引進外勞…多為滿足電子產業夜班工作的需求。製造業外勞人數在二○一○年以前以總量管制,維持在十八萬人左右,此後逐漸增加,現在已經超過三十萬人
在這段期間,國內儲蓄仍然充足,但投資遲緩,資本形成占GDP的比例不斷下降,大量的超額儲蓄造成金融體系的資金氾濫
台灣的經濟發展向來重製造業,輕服務業,從政府組織就可看出來。在經濟部內,主管製造業的工業局人手多,預算多;主管商業的商業司,機構層級矮一截,而且人手少、預算少。商業以外的服務業分屬不同部會管轄,如主管金融服務的金管會、主管醫療服務的衛生署(今為今為衛福部)、主管教育服務的教育部等,這些部會的主要權責都是監督管理,不是產業發展,部內也無主責產業發展的單位。政府的產業政策其實就是製造業發展政策,服務業向來不在產業政策的設定範圍內
一般台商在共享、共創的過程中,當技術厲害到某種程度時,不是被合作夥伴合併吸收,就是被客戶刻意創造的敵手圍堵而失去市場
台灣的邏輯IC代工龍頭台積電,雖然營運模式和DRAM廠並無不同,但命運完全不同,不但逃過2008年的金融風暴而毫髮未傷,而且日益茁壯,今天已經是全球公認的技術領導廠商,台灣的護國神山。台積電和台灣DRAM代工廠最大的不同是自始就擁有自主設計和製造的技術,雖然這些技術可能落後領先的
當一個新時代到來時,有些人設法去適應它,有些人則藉機推翻舊勢力。設法適應時代的乖乖牌免於被淘汰,但不會有獨角獸出現的奇蹟;利用大好的新時代造反的人才會創造奇蹟
事實上,台灣的企業家不論是事業有成的,或者正在創業的,都充分意識到網路時代的到來,並且採取因應措施。也有許多夢想家利用網路帶來的機會進行創新,可惜他們的創新未能達到「顛覆性」的等級,因此無法成就一隻獨角獸。
台灣知名經濟學家、台北政經學院(TSE)院長陳添枝教授,應邀擔任台灣產業創生平台2022年
台灣的品牌廠大部分失敗於和消費者的溝通上
Debt measures typically ignore most assets – notably, the public sector’s real commercial assets – and some significant liabilities, including the present discounted value of public-sector pension entitlements
only New Zealand uses the IPSAS [International Public Sector Accounting Standards] as the basis for its financial-management system...
governments often base their fiscal rules on narrow debt and deficit measures
the accounts produced by the public sector focus on short- and medium-term cash flows – the general government budget deficit is a prime example – and on a subset of the public sector’s contractual liabilities, typically its gross or net financial debt
the value of land owned by the public sector. Property is usually the biggest single asset class in any economy, and governments tend to be the largest property owners, often by an overwhelming margin. Yet many governments report small (or even zero) property holdings; among those that do report land holdings, the average value is only about 25% of GDP.Public commercial assets (assets that can generate an income if professionally managed) are also frequently underreported, or not reported at all. And what is reported is likely to be undervalued, because management is often far from professional
Failing to account for these assets [fixed assets, financial assets, property assets, public commercial assets], and managing them unprofessionally, can cause lasting damage to the state’s ability to meet its obligations to current and future generations, including by undermining climate action
Public-sector pension obligations average 40% of GDP. Eight of the 24 countries – including five G7 countries – recorded negative public-sector net worth for 2020-21
producing conventional balance sheets that offer more reliable estimates of conventional net worth, which may well be negative. In order to manage assets and liabilities effectively, they must also produce comprehensive balance sheets (or intertemporal budget constraints), which include the present discounted value of anticipated future non-contractual revenue streams, such as taxes (implicit assets), and outlays, such as social security benefits (implicit liabilities).This would show the government’s comprehensive net worth
No one argues that we should not think about future generations. The real question is what current policies and fiscal commitments will better serve the interests of our children and grandchildren
Conservatives often make a big show of worrying about the debt burden that we are passing on to our children...
reckless disregard for the consequences of their actions
look at both sides of the balance sheet. What really matters is the difference between assets and liabilities. If debt increases, but assets rise even more, the country is better off — and so, too, are future generations. This is true whether one invests in infrastructure, education, research or technology. But even more important is natural capital
"Environmental debt" is different. It is a burden that cannot be eliminated with the stroke of a bankruptcy judge’s pen. Damage done today might take decades to repair and require spending money that could have been used to enrich the country. By the same token, wise spending to protect and rehabilitate the environment — like investments to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions — would leave future generations better off even if financed by debt.Suppose we could estimate the direct benefits of such investments — for example, the increased output (or the reduced costs of repairing damage caused by wildfires, hurricanes and other extreme weather events), and the value of improved health and longevity from reduced air pollution — in money terms. What rate of return should we demand?...If we require a high rate of return (as former US president Donald Trump’s administration did when it set the bar at as much as 7 percent per year), there would be little investment in climate-change mitigation, and future generations would roast in a world where temperatures have increased by 3°C or more.Given the inevitable consequences of inaction, investments in climate mitigation should be seen as a kind of insurance. The payoffs are highest when the effects of climate change are most adverse, and when the value of money is particularly high. The required returns on “insurance investments” ought to be lower than the safe real (inflation-adjusted) interest rate. That rate has actually been negative in recent years; but even taking a much longer-term perspective, it has been around 1 percent, plus or minus 0.5 percent. The appropriate “discount rate” therefore should be markedly lower than 7 percent, lower even than the 2.5 to 5 percent rate used by former US president Barack Obama’s administration, and possibly even negative... what discount rate is required to achieve the internationally agreed goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 to 2°C. Allowing temperatures to rise permanently beyond this threshold poses unacceptable risks. The fires, hurricanes, floods, droughts, frosts and other disasters that we have been enduring are merely a preview of what this future would hold
view the matter from the perspective of “future generations.” What value do we place on our children? ... If we value them as much as we value ourselves..., we must account for how damage done to the environment today would affect their well-being
balanced budget multiplier: an increase in government spending will inject more demand into the economy than will be withdrawn by an equal increase in taxation, since some of the money taken by the tax would have been saved, not spent
SALZBURG — In 2009, while the world economy was still reeling from the global financial crisis, Nobel laureate economist Robert Lucas observed that “everyone is a Keynesian in the foxhole”. The implication was that, when an economy is faced with a severe economic shock, conventional fiscal policy norms must take a backseat to stabilization.
economic shocks of the past two decades were not freak occurrences but rather the product of a profoundly flawed and corrupt system
In my view, consciousness may be the most important blind spot in economic theory today. Consciousness concerns the inner place from which actors operate. Conventional economic theory operates on assumed given preferences – that is, a set of interior conditions from which people act. each actor and each social system has not one but multiple interior conditions that they can choose to operate from. Which set of inner conditions stakeholders choose (say, egosystem or ecosystem awareness) has a profound impact on the outcome – and is largely dependent on the context conditions (the“container”) that leadership is able to create
27 October 2022 -
"How can I invest my capital to generate sound risk-adjusted returns over the long to very long term, while simultaneously reducing environmental and ecological risks and creating a stronger, fairer society?" Moreover, note that these investments need not generate any cash return in the near term, as this would just add to the pile of surplus capital. In theory, answering this question will require a fundamental change in both mindset and methods, as traditional investment appraisal methods artificially emphasise short-term returns and ignore both longer-term risk and reward...the necessary projects are not profitable from a private-sector investor's point of view, at least not until the state has paid for the original development of the necessary technology and, in many cases, subsidised its initial deployment...Second, both owners and workers in incumbent businesses in the fossil fuel sector (and the many businesses in their supply chains) will naturally resist the rapid elimination of their jobs and profit streams, irrespective of other economic, environmental or social logic. This is fully understandable and underscores the importance of governments investing to retrain the workforce, providing unemployment benefits that make the transition bearable and stimulating the creation of new businesses and new-economy employment opportunities. With the right approach, these communities will then be able to look forward to a thriving future, rather than a slow and painful decline.In short, our environmental, ecological and socio-economic problems cannot be solved through voluntary action by individuals or the unregulated market alone. Collective (i.e. governmental) action is essential
30 May 2022 -