在一九九〇至二〇一〇年這二十年間……
這期間也正是《促進產業升級條例》的施行期間
若想了解台灣產業政策的功與過,這段歷史值得好好研究
《促進產業升級條例》獎勵投資多於獎勵升級……廢除五年免稅…是《產升條例》[《促進產業升級條例》的簡稱] 的重要特色……但一九九五年立法院修法,把五年免稅的優惠還給重要科技事業和重大投資事業,但須在股東投資抵減和五年免稅中擇一適用。二○○○年《產升條例》再修法並延長十年,將五年免稅的優惠限用於「新興重要策略性產業」。五年免稅與股東投資抵減仍是擇一適用,但只留下法人股東的抵減優惠,個人股東的抵減在修法後五年內逐步歸零。立法諸公顯然受到來自產業界的壓力,才把「五年免稅」的優惠從資源回收桶裡找回來。在《獎勵投資條例》實施的後期,五年免稅已經成為最受歡迎、應用最廣泛、稅損最大的獎勵項目,很難斷奶。此外,《產升條例》生效以後,科學園區的廠商根據《科學園區管理條例》,仍繼續享受五年免稅的優惠,使園區內外的相同產業有不平等的租稅待遇(二○○○年《產升條例》修法時才將園區的租稅優惠併入,消除區內外的差異)。五年免稅的恢復,賦予政府繼續挑選贏家的力量,而且因為範圍較《獎勵投資條例》時代縮小,篩選力道更強。《獎勵投資條例》時代,只要合乎「生產事業獎勵類目及標準」即可享受五年免稅,產業範圍很廣,現在只剩下「新興重要策略性產業」。從這個角度看,《產升條例》的成敗更適合用來檢驗產業政策的功過。《產升條例》實施初期十年的所謂「重大投資事業」,標準不甚明朗,由工業局逐案審查,不過基本上獎勵對象是投資金額龐大的一些個案,例如六輕的投資案等……從事後結果看,《產升條例》的租稅獎勵大部分用於獎勵資本支出,而非功能別的項目。在所有功能別的獎勵項目中,只有自動化投資的抵減是最受歡迎的優惠,其他項目的使用率甚低,尤其是人才培訓和國際品牌兩項,申請適用者寥寥可數。人才培訓旨在提高勞動生產力,國際品牌旨在改變經營模式,立意良善,但廠商顯然缺乏呼應政策的誘因,充分證明「徒法不足以自行」。相對的,「重大投資事業」和「重要科技事業」的租稅減免金額則自一九九五年修法後逐步擴大,穩定成長。自動化和汙染防治設備的投資抵減其實都只是鼓勵投資,並不是鼓勵升級。企業除了在人才培訓、建立國際品牌這些改變企業體質的投資上躑躅不前,即使在改變生產方法的投資方面,也偏好設備投資勝於研發投資。投資於新設備和研發是企業提升競爭力的兩大路徑,前者擴大規模,後者則促成創新;台灣企業明顯偏好前者。這段期間台灣發展的主力產業,如半導體或面板,具有技術變遷快、資本折舊快的特性,不斷投資新設備,生產力就會提升,而且投資新設備在五年免稅的優惠下,投資成本可以大幅下降。換言之,租稅優惠的結果強化企業風險趨避的心態,而非鼓勵冒險。以一九九○年代投資最旺盛的半導體為例,如果資本設備在五年內折舊完畢,則「五年免稅」的優惠可使資本報酬完全免稅。在半導體產業有著名的摩爾定律(Moore's Law),指半導體的製程技術在十八個月內即縮減一半的線徑;換言之,十八個月即有新生產設備的出現。由於資本設備的更新速度快,「五年免稅」和投資抵減的優惠甚至可使半導體企業的實質稅負變成負數。半導體業是資本密集的產業,資本的成本下降,當然使產業的總體成本下降,低成本是台灣半導體業競爭的核心優勢。取得租稅獎勵的行政成本不同,也有鼓勵投資甚於研發的傾向。資本支出較容易證明和辨識,研發支出則比較不容易認定。「重大投資事業」和「重要科技事業」的投資抵減必須在投資前取得政府獎勵的許可;研發投資的獎勵則採事後審查的方式。事前許可雖然麻煩,但減少獎勵的不確定性;事後審查則增加不確定性。而且負責事前許可的是工業局,重視產業發展;負責事後審查的是財政部,重視的是稅收減少。稅務行政也造成投資優惠較研發優惠更受歡迎的局面。總的來說,《產升條例》雖明言要獎勵產業升級,結果還是獎勵投資多於升級。在幾個功能性的獎勵項目中,只有研發支出獎勵有較明顯的效果,研發支出占GDP的比例由一九九○年的一‧六六%增加到二○○○年的二‧○五%,確實有增加,但仍不如預期。我們不得不承認《產升條例》的功能別獎勵並未真正對企業的特定活動產生太大的鼓勵效果,反而對資本形成有較大的幫助。這和租稅獎勵的設計、稅務行政以及「五年免稅」的復活有關係,也受產業發展的「路徑依循」限制。產業的發展畢竟不是隔空抓藥,政策的力道再強,也得看市場是否有支撐條件。台灣一九九○年產業發展最大的市場引力,就是自一九八六年以後風起雲湧的海外投資所衍生的跨國需求。台商在海外投資所建立的海外生產基地,利用國外廉價的勞動力,大幅度擴大生產規模,衍生對國內上游原物料及零組件的巨大需求,轉而誘發國內上游產業的擴大投資。這些上游產業基本上是資本密集的產業,適合在台灣生產,而《產升條例》對投資的獎勵如火上加油,產生很好的效果,加速產業垂直的轉換;下游萎縮,上游膨脹。在一九八六至一九九○年間台灣對外投資有三個主力產業:紡織成衣、化學製品(含塑膠)、電子產品;而它們的上游產業紡織纖維、化學材料、電子零件(包括半導體)也正是一九九○年代國內大投資潮的主角。這是一種背向整合(backward integration)的發展模式,透過下游的擴張,帶動上游的成長,而且上下游的垂直連結跨越了國境。三個產業中,電子零件業積極投資最為突出。如果我們以工商普查的統計資料檢視一九九一至二○○一年間產業固定資本總量[stock]的變化,可以計算出這十年間,台灣製造業整體的資本存量增加一二三‧二%,各行業之中則以電子零件業的資本存量增加一○○九%最高;亦即十年間成長十倍,這主要是拜半導體業的大量投資之賜。
規模的迷思——企業變大,但沒有變強……台商整合的海外資源,是市場上最容易取得的初級資源,例如土地和勞動力,很少涉及策略性資源,例如高階人才或技術資源。如果像先進國家的跨國公司一樣,要整合跨國的策略性資源,規模效益應該更顯著。台灣企業的規模化除跨國生產的需求外,也受國內資本市場發展的影響。一九九○年以後,台灣的股票市場逐漸成熟,有利於經營良好的企業規模擴張。政府對股票投資產生的資本利得一直給予免稅的優惠,只有股息收入要併入其他個人收入,課徵綜合所得稅。因此上市公司如果只配股,不配息,將盈餘轉投資,使公司不斷擴大規模,對股東來說,既賺到股價差,又不用繳稅;公司則利用《產升條例》的優惠待遇,透過新投資取得五年免稅或投資抵減的優惠。對於具有成長性的企業來說,股市可以提供無成本的資金,公司只要印股票就可以換鈔票,投資於產能的擴充。換言之,只要投資人認為有成長前景的產業,企業規模自然有擴大的趨勢,一直到投資人認為產業已走到成熟階段,成長不再可期為止。企業若欲展示成長力道,以說服投資人,營收就要不斷擴大。除了自力投資擴產外,併購其他企業也有相同的效果,而併購也使規模變大。台灣特有的資本利得免稅和產業稅制,對資本密集型產業的企業規模壯大有重大影響。例如半導體業的台積電雖然開辦後不久每年都有盈餘,但自一九九四年上市以來都以配股為主,配息為輔,直到二○○五年以後股利政策才翻轉。台積電迄今為止甚少進行對外投資,因此其生產規模的擴大無法以跨國生產的需求來解釋,台灣資本市場的規則與產業稅制才是其生產規模達到世界頂峰的重要推手。……台灣廠商進行跨國生產的本質,僅止於取得一般性的生產資源,例如土地或勞力,達到提高生產效率的目的,卻無法利用海外的策略性資源進行創新……為什麼台灣的廠商雖然規模變大了,市場集中度也變高了,卻未取得熊彼得所言的創新優勢呢?這主要有兩個原因,一是缺乏超額利潤,一是缺乏實現創新價值的能力。缺乏超額利潤,就無法長期投入研發;雖然規模大,但是毛利低,沒有能力承擔長期研發的風險。另一方面,因其在生產鏈上地位的關係,即使有創新,也無法獨力實現創新的價值,獲得創新的報酬。從事代工生產的廠商即使有創新,創新所生的價值必須由客戶加持才能實現,客戶由創新得到的利益,永遠比代工廠更高
執行期間以短期計畫居多,很少有長期計畫,以工研院執行的「科專」為例,最長是五年。這種短期計畫只能針對產業迫在眉睫的需求進行研究,研究目標都是世界上已經存在並且商品化的技術,無法進行前瞻性的研究。經濟部對執行計畫的考核也以立即性的指標為主,例如技術轉移的收益,甚少長期的指標,例如產業的產值;因此計畫傾向於解決產業眼前面臨的技術難題,鮮少開創性的研究
立法院後來要求工研院來自政府的預算必須與來自民間的經費相等,而民間經費只會來自大型企業,因此工研院和大型企業的互利關係變成了法定義務,工研院服務中小企業的空間縮小,幾乎成了大型企業的輔佐研究機構
在市場競爭壓力下,企業研發支出日增,但大部分研發投資於生產技術的改良,創新性不高,更無破壞性創新。只重技術改良,沒有產品創新,使二○○○年以後的二十年間,台灣產業升級遭遇巨大的瓶頸
《產升條例》下的各種租稅優惠,加上自一九九六年以來實施的「兩稅合一」,使稅基不斷流失,政府赤字不斷擴大,導致二○○五年朝野合力通過《所得基本稅額條例》,建立所謂「最低稅負制」,將企業享受的各種優惠歸零,重新計算一個無優惠下的「基本稅額」,稅率介於一二%至一五%,企業最終的稅負不得低於此一水準。「最低稅負制」為特定產業的租稅優惠設下天花板,相對於一般企業營利事業所得稅二五%雖然仍落差很大,不過總算拉近距離,消除某些資本密集產業長期免納稅的奇特現象。
配合租稅優惠的廢除,另外修法把營利事業所得稅由二五%降為一七%,以爭取企業界的支持。《產業創新條例》確實是我國產業稅法的里程碑,終於擺脫「五年免稅」的長期糾纏,工業局也不必再編制「十大新興策略性工業」的清單
除降低營所稅外,也降低遺產贈與稅、鼓勵海外資金回流、鼓勵海外台商回台股票上市……在劉兆玄院長任內曾提出「六大新興產業」的構想,企圖在當時獨大的資訊半導體產業基礎上,延伸並分散產業的發展。劉內閣列舉的「六大新興產業」包括生物科技、觀光旅遊、綠色能源、醫療照護、精緻農業、文化創意產業,都不是製造業,可見目的是利用資訊技術的基礎,發展相對落後的服務業和農業。「六大新興產業」構想提出當時,台灣產業的現狀是半導體一柱擎天,但平均薪資長年不成長,造成民怨,而且超過六成的民間就業在服務業部門,而服務業正是低薪工作人口密集的地方,因此有必要提升服務業的生產力。這個構想不論是目標還是政策工具,都與傳統產業政策的思維不同,例如其中的生物科技產業計畫以成立大基金的方式推動,以突破生技產業一直欠缺的關鍵規模(critical mass)。可惜隨著劉內閣下台,「六大新興產業」計畫就被束之高閣。半導體產業繼續獨走
蔡英文在大選期間就揭示「五大新興產業」的政策,主張重點發展智慧機械、亞洲矽谷(物聯網產業)、綠能科技、生醫產業、國防產業。蔡當選後,因應各方要求,又增列新農業、循環經濟兩項,形成執政後「五加二產業」的政策。相對於馬英九執政時期模糊的產業政策,民進黨似乎有意凸顯對產業發展的重視。「五大新興產業」基本上都是製造業…………新政府設立一個類似新加坡淡馬錫的投資公司,名為台杉資本,部分由政府出資外,募集民間資金,投資於五大新興產業。此外,針對綠能和國防產業,以政府採購的方式,企圖育成國內相關產業。例如在綠能科技方面,利用離岸風機的採購,植入國產化的條款,以拉抬國內的供應鏈……可見政治雖然已經民主化,政府選擇贏家的傾向並未改變,「新興策略性產業」的觀念仍揮之不去。如果不是舊習難改,就是這種政策有利於執政……五大新興產業的發展強調「先國內、後國際」的策略,先在國內練兵,創造國內冠軍(國家隊),再出馬國際,爭取國際冠軍。過去台灣產業的發展策略從來沒有這種「先內後外」的策略,向來一開始就面向國際。如果沒有國際市場,台灣產業就沒有機會走出第一步;從來只有在國際市場練兵,沒有國內練兵。這種極端的全球化思維使台灣產業發展成功,也避免政府過度介入產業發展,揠苗助長
未達破產線的金融機構則可將不良債權售予和「重建基金」同時設立的三家「資產管理公司」,逐步改善資產負債的結構。政府為了協助金融機構改善體質,把它們的營業稅由五%降到二‧五%,讓它們慢慢累積盈餘,提高自有資本比率。政府的溫暖措施讓良莠不齊的金融機構都度過危機,二○○四年後政府試圖推動金融機構整併(第二次金改),因時機已晚,遭遇政治上的巨大阻力。缺乏整併,使台灣金融機構,尤其是銀行,遲遲無法跳脫規模過小、缺乏效率的困境。銀行無法承擔較高的風險,乃一昧追逐新興的消費貸款和理財市場,在金融產業全球化的浪潮下,長期困在低成長的深淵中。它們長年保有巨額的爛頭寸,使台灣無論是小型或大型企業都失去冒險的能力
二○○○年以後,政府為了保護出口動能,乃以低估匯率和引進外籍勞工作為主要政策工具……二○○七年又容許三班工作制的製造業可以引進外勞…多為滿足電子產業夜班工作的需求。製造業外勞人數在二○一○年以前以總量管制,維持在十八萬人左右,此後逐漸增加,現在已經超過三十萬人
在這段期間,國內儲蓄仍然充足,但投資遲緩,資本形成占GDP的比例不斷下降,大量的超額儲蓄造成金融體系的資金氾濫
台灣的經濟發展向來重製造業,輕服務業,從政府組織就可看出來。在經濟部內,主管製造業的工業局人手多,預算多;主管商業的商業司,機構層級矮一截,而且人手少、預算少。商業以外的服務業分屬不同部會管轄,如主管金融服務的金管會、主管醫療服務的衛生署(今為今為衛福部)、主管教育服務的教育部等,這些部會的主要權責都是監督管理,不是產業發展,部內也無主責產業發展的單位。政府的產業政策其實就是製造業發展政策,服務業向來不在產業政策的設定範圍內
一般台商在共享、共創的過程中,當技術厲害到某種程度時,不是被合作夥伴合併吸收,就是被客戶刻意創造的敵手圍堵而失去市場
台灣的邏輯IC代工龍頭台積電,雖然營運模式和DRAM廠並無不同,但命運完全不同,不但逃過2008年的金融風暴而毫髮未傷,而且日益茁壯,今天已經是全球公認的技術領導廠商,台灣的護國神山。台積電和台灣DRAM代工廠最大的不同是自始就擁有自主設計和製造的技術,雖然這些技術可能落後領先的
當一個新時代到來時,有些人設法去適應它,有些人則藉機推翻舊勢力。設法適應時代的乖乖牌免於被淘汰,但不會有獨角獸出現的奇蹟;利用大好的新時代造反的人才會創造奇蹟
事實上,台灣的企業家不論是事業有成的,或者正在創業的,都充分意識到網路時代的到來,並且採取因應措施。也有許多夢想家利用網路帶來的機會進行創新,可惜他們的創新未能達到「顛覆性」的等級,因此無法成就一隻獨角獸。
台灣知名經濟學家、台北政經學院(TSE)院長陳添枝教授,應邀擔任台灣產業創生平台2022年
台灣的品牌廠大部分失敗於和消費者的溝通上
Social trust is a belief in the honesty, integrity and reliability of others - a "faith in people." It's a simple enough concept to describe. But it's never been easy to figure out who trusts, or why.
Sorry for the hiatus. I keep doing podcasts and articles on other sites for Trust in a Polarized Age, and I don’t want to irritate my readers on social media with too much content. When I get done talking about the book so often, I’ll return to my regularly scheduled blogging. Lots of people talk […]
Read the report > The UK public are among the most trusting globally, with internationally high levels of trust in people of different nationalities, people they meet for the first time, and people they know personally.Of the nations included, the UK ranks second for trust in foreigners, with such trust now at a record high following a rise over...
Americans’ views of politics and elected officials are unrelentingly negative, with little hope of improvement on the horizon. 65% of Americans say they always or often feel exhausted when thinking about politics. By contrast, just 10% say they always or often feel hopeful about politics.
Public trust in government remains low, as it has for much of the 21st century. Only two-in-ten Americans say they trust the government in Washington to do what is right “just about always” (2%) or “most of the time” (19%).
A median of 62% of adults across the 14 countries surveyed this summer generally believe most people can be trusted.
Trust is essential for community, wellbeing, and effective cooperation. How does trust vary between different societies and locations and what matters for levels of trust?
Morris Pearl, Chair of the Patriotic Millionaires and former Managing Director at BlackRock, said: “In recent decades, wealth inequality has skyrocketed around the world. The growing gap between rich and poor has destabilised the global economy, exacerbated the rise of extremist politics, and frayed the very fabric of our social order. As an ultra-wealthy person, representing an organisation of like-minded wealthy people, I am asking the G20 to tax us
In an open letter to the G20, close to 300 millionaires, economists, and political representatives from almost all G20 countries call for a new international agreement on wealth taxes to “stop extreme wealth from corroding our collective future”.
to reduce dangerous levels of inequality; if they fail to tax extreme wealth, the results will be a perpetually weakened global economy, the decline of democratic institutions, and worsening social unrest
the vested interests in maintaining the current system, including billionaires, the fossil fuel sector, big pharma, defense, and industrial agriculture will continue to fight to prevent the transformative changes needed. To overcome our societal addiction to the current system will require a broad consensus and movement of movements around the shared goal of sustainable wellbeing for humans and the rest of nature
13 August 2023 -
G20 Leaders must tax extreme wealth
time lags involved in building dynastic fortunes ... Inequality of income must precede growing inequality of wealth, since wealth is simply the cumulative excess of income over consumption.So, given the current era of highly unequal incomes and social immobility, we can expect inheritance to play a much bigger role in explaining inequality for the generations now entering adulthood. That will include direct transfers of wealth, mainly via inheritances, as well as the effects of increasingly unequal access to education, early job opportunities and home ownership
Are we creating a society Jane Austen might recognise?
those born to families who lack the resources needed to give them a head start in life. More generally, it is likely to be economically and socially stagnant. A patrimonial society inevitably wastes much of its talent, instead putting its privileged children into positions of power and influence for which they may have little aptitude
the proposal to tax the unrealised capital gains of assets passed on through inheritance, which would substantially reduce inherited inequality. Precisely for this reason, it is the object of vigorous attacks from lobbyists for the wealthy
The wealth of the very top grew even faster ... Wealth for dynastic families has grown significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic...Dynastically wealthy families wield a great deal of political power, and use it to further their interests
Together 50 families hold about half of the wealth of the bottom half of all U.S.households, an estimated 65 million families, and their wealth grew at ten times the rate of ordinary families during the last 40 years.
This chart show the cumulative expected wealth transfers until 2030, by would region and wealth tier (in billion U.S. dollars).
International tax law distinguishes between an estate tax and an inheritance tax. An inheritance tax is a tax paid by a person who inherits money or property of a person who has died, whereas an estate tax is a levy on the estate (money and property) of a person who has died.[1] However, this distinction is not always observed; for example, the...
In economics, a gift tax is the tax on money or property that one living person or corporate entity gives to another.[1] A gift tax is a type of transfer tax that is imposed when someone gives something of value to someone else. The transfer must be gratuitous or the receiving party must pay a lesser amount than the item's full value to be...
A transfer tax is a tax on the passing of title to property from one person (or entity) to another. In a narrow legal sense, a transfer tax is essentially a transaction fee imposed on the transfer of title to property from one entity to another. This kind of tax is typically imposed where there is a legal requirement for registration of the...
we don’t need more do-gooder billionaires that give to charity — we need fewer billionaires.The problem isn’t really individuals making money. The problem is having an entire system that grows the wealth of billionaires at the expense of everything else we care about — including our democracy.... Wealth is concentrating
Many billionaires invest their fortunes in a way that only expands their own wealth and power, writes Chuck Collins, the director of the Program on Inequality and the Common Good at the Institute for Policy Studies.
去年遺贈稅總稅收高達576億元,以稅率10%推估,等於1年有近6000億元規模的資產,正在進行世代移轉……
廢除遺贈稅 吸引資金回流 建設台灣
馬英九的競選政見本來只說要將遺產稅免稅額及扣除額,提高到2600萬元,反而是謝長廷承諾要將免稅額提高到3000萬元,並將遺產稅最高邊際稅率由50% 降低到10%。但7月23日,工商協進會與劉兆玄早餐,要求將遺產稅先調降至20%,將來完全廢除。劉兆玄表示贊同
過去十幾年中華民國政府所推政策中最爛最爛的是哪個政策?我可以毫不猶豫地告訴你:就是在2008年將原本50%最高邊際稅率的遺產稅率,一舉降為10%。這個政策背後有太多太多的可疑之處
1:資本集中的必然趨勢[啟動LINE推播]每日重大新聞通知法國皮凱提(ThomasPiketty)教授的新書CapitalintheTwentyFirstCentury(我暫譯為《廿一世紀資本論》)獲得《紐約時報》極佳書評,而諾貝爾經濟學獎得主克魯曼甚至誇讚,此書是今年甚或最近十
遺產贈予稅當然可以課,但是資本家七、八十年行將入土才能被課一次遺產稅,且若生前安排得宜,就算課也可能課不到太多,對抑制資本累積效果還不夠。於是皮凱提遂主張:每年課「總資本持有稅」,例如每年1%或2%。這種資本持有稅就像是房屋稅、地價稅一樣,個人持有期間年年要繳,只是稅基不只是土地房屋,而是所有資產財富,包括股票、現金等等。皮凱提認為,既然資本報酬率動輒4%或5%,那麼抽個一趴兩趴稅資本家當然付得起,只是稍微減緩他們的資本累積速度而已……這些稅收他主張用於政府補助的教育與健保,而要透過健康改善與教育普及,去打破「富有資本家持續富有、貧窮底層持續貧窮」的社會不流動
保護個資對每個人都同等重要。但是對我們勞動階級而言,在開曼群島既無紙上控股公司、在瑞士銀行也無鉅額秘密帳戶,所謂資產個資云云,跟我們有什麼關係?在台灣擔任公職要公佈財產,這對一窮二白的人而言根本無所謂,也只有家財萬貫的大有錢人,才害怕錢財露白。更何況,全球各國資產帳戶互通資訊,是為了避免大富豪逃稅;而要求逃稅大戶如實繳稅,目的是要以此收入多做一些所得重分配的褔利措施,天經地義。此外,「公開互通財產帳資料」是只限於政府稅捐機關之間,而不是要向外人公開
等到資本累積集中之弊更凸顯,等到大部分人民都理解到社會真的是「of 1%、for 1%、by 1%」的時候,人民才會同意全球資產持有稅。皮凱提的貢獻,大概就是「還沒有見到棺材就提醒大家帶手帕」
Within a decade, however, the effect is reversed: inheritances increase wealth inequality since the different depletion rates widen the inequality in inherited wealth over time
Abstract. This article aims to measure and understand the role of inheritances in shaping wealth inequality. We use a quasi-experimental design and Swedish admi
rising inequality is legitimated by the popular belief that the income gap is meritocratically deserved: the more unequal a society, the more likely its citizens are to explain success in meritocratic terms, and the less important they deem nonmeritocratic factors such as a person’s family wealth and connections
many downplay the intergenerational privilege associated with gifting by reporting extended family histories of working-class struggle, upward social mobility and meritocratic striving
Inheritance fundamentally violates the meritocratic justice principle of society
Inheritance fundamentally violates the meritocratic justice principle of society. Despite the high level of wealth concentration and the fact that few peop
intergenerational transfers, such as inheritances and inter vivos gifts, play a significant role in underpinning wealth inequality. When inheritances and gifts exceed a certain threshold, the opportunities to accumulate more wealth are greatly expanded
Wealth inequality can limit people’s ability to accumulate human capital, carry out business projects, or cope with major economic crises. Focusing on France, Spain, the UK, and the US, this column shows that intergenerational transfers, such as inheritances and inter vivos gifts, play a significant role in underpinning wealth inequality. When inheritances and gifts exceed a certain threshold, the opportunities to accumulate more wealth are greatly expanded.
美國的起源是清教徒尋找自由土地,其個人主義的「個人」,有信仰約束,自有分寸。現在,信仰淡薄,個人主義淪於自私。
獨立精神也顯示了個人主義代表的自由觀念,及其過度發揮後,因而出現的人情冷漠,與趨利忘義的嚴重弊端
大量資金已經用來炒作非生產事業
中產階層和他們原本是雇主群的富豪們之間,原本關係相當密切,現在由於富豪遷移他處……富豪們與他們中產階層僱員之間,也彼此脫了節
新出現的社會階層化,在這二十年來,遂與過去不同了。過去的富人、中產、貧寒三級區隔,其間生活方式與意識形態的差異,沒有今天各階層之間的距離,如此遙遠……
貧富差異的程度加大,各階層之間彼此異化,已經無法逆轉
一旦情況改變,整個地區,全部遭災……已經衰敗無法重振
中年人,也就常常是沒有可以傾訴自己情緒,分享成敗的伴侶
當人與人之間,只能以「利」相處時,人間不會再有人類情感
「我可以爲所欲爲,因爲我是勝者。」這個現象
跨國企業菁英與超級富豪階層也順勢取得了無以倫比的政治權力,他們可以凌駕政府、支配社會遊戲規則,並一步步的支解立意在保護弱勢群體、勞工與中產階級權益的經濟管制措施與社會保障體系。他們排斥任何限制其行動自由與資本回報的全球治理或監管機制,他們可以影響美國法律與國際規則,也可以左右國際貨幣基金與美國聯邦儲備理事會的觀點與政策
在華爾街推波助瀾之下,從1980年代末期開始美國帶頭進行大幅金融鬆綁,拆除金融防火牆,全面開放衍生性金融產品,並壓迫各國家全面解除跨國資本流動管制與放棄政府對匯率市場干預,其結果是大量資金湧入外匯與商品期貨交易套利,投機交易凌駕真實避險需求,熱錢在世界各地興風作浪,製造了一波波的金錢遊戲、資產泡沫與金融危機
金融自由化…驅使金融資本全面流向投機性的虛擬經濟,不但給所有國家帶來難以承受的系統性金融風險,也對實體經濟造成巨大的扭曲與干擾
國家機構逐漸喪失扭轉資本主義下所得分配趨向兩極化的能力,也逐漸失去維護弱勢團體享有社會晉升公平機會與保障勞動市場參與者基本權益的能力,更失去節制巨型跨國企業濫用市場壟斷權力的能力。因此民主作為「國家層次」的政治體制日漸成為一個空殼子,既無法維護公民的福祉,也無力滿足公民的政策需求,使其合法性基礎受到嚴重侵蝕
美國政治最大的難題是政黨與政治菁英都被少數利益集團綁架。軍工企業集團、網路科技集團、華爾街投資機構與大銀行、跨國能源企業、大型媒體集團、製藥與醫療集團等主要利益集團的代理人盤據了國會兩院的各個常設委員會。這些利益集團的還可以驅動大律師事務所、大會計公司、信用評等機構,與倚靠企業主捐贈的東西兩岸大小智庫幫他們出謀獻計並引導輿論。這導致過去三十年美國的產業結構愈來愈集中化,強者恆強,大者恆大,壟斷與獨占資本橫行。這也必然導致嚴重的腐敗與尋租。這些占據寡頭與獨占地位的巨型企業可以靠壓制競爭者而攫取超額利潤,他們的高獲利模式主要並非源於創新與效率,而是靠其市場壟斷地位以及左右法律與政府政策的政治影響力,讓其可以併購同行、濫用智慧財產權保護與法律訴訟,或享受合法避稅與超額租稅補貼
社會分裂與政治敗壞
全球化的紅利與風險之分配嚴重不均
主流政治人物紛紛失去這批選民的信任,因為這些熟面孔不是已經被利益集團徹底綁架,就是面對經濟與社會難題束手無策,選民寧可寄希望於毫無從政經驗的新手
新自由主義思維頌揚個人自由,但也同時獎勵自私、自利與貪婪,並鼓勵對物質欲望無止境的追求。美國富裕階層的所得稅率在發達國家中是最低的,而且跨國企業都盡可能將利潤隱藏在國外租稅天堂,他們自私自利到連最基本的社會義務都設法擺脫
We must act now to tackle the escalating climate crisis and rising poverty. For the first time in a generation, the number of people living in extreme poverty
The geopolitical landscape is now extremely polarised, in large part because multilateral institutions and processes have repeatedly failed the global majority
Over 25 economic thinkers are concerned that the summit for a new global financing pact will not deliver its original ambition of a true pact that would increase financial solidarity with low-income countries.
The recent Paris Summit for a New Global Financing Pact was touted by its organizers, including French President Emmanuel Macron, as a
在台灣引用房板之前的文章大概可以分成九大階級第一階層應該就是上市櫃金控 大型製造業集團大致上就是從日治時代就發跡資產數百億至千億這批人這些人屬於台灣的貴族無論怎麼政黨輪替日本人走了 國軍接收了民進黨輪替了 或未來如何都影響不到他們第二階層大地主 大建設公司公司老董上市公司老闆 包括三代公務員資產大約百億至數百億這些人跟上層社會 有名氣的藍綠及兩岸政治人物有著千絲萬縷的關係第三階層大型工廠企業主 地方仕紳傳統世家極度成功的中小企業主資產數十億至百億之間這些人 能透過特定的管道 組織 或名望約他們想見的政治人物碰面影響到特定的政策推動第四階層比較成功的中小企業主資產數億元至十億元之間數套房產這些人跟立委 地方民代 地方政治人物都有著非常密切的關係無法影響政策 但可以透過民代影響個案第五階層國立大學教授 醫師 開業三師半導體科技業 外商主管做小生意成功的資產數千萬至一至二億之間擁有一至三套房產算目前7-8年級普通人能靠努力爬到的頂峰光鮮亮麗 算中產階級的頂峰第六階層老師 公務員主管級 國營企業外商員工 大企業工程師基本上擁有自住房 買得起一台還不錯的車仍可堪稱 中產階級第七階層較基層的公務員 一般勞工在都會地區甚難買房有能力買在桃園基隆宜蘭等地通勤騎車 搭火車 但買得起國產車需要很勉力的維持接近中產階級的階層一不小心就會往下掉到下個階層第八階層中小企業服務業員工 計程車司機 藍領作業員基本上是月光族或存不到多少七八年級這階層是不用想買房了除了祖上留房 不然就是租房通勤以騎車為主生了小孩就而往往就要打零工做ubereats貼補家用勉力求生 make ends meet第九階層農民 工人 保全 計時服務業基本上在都會地區難以輕鬆存活以租房騎車為主成家不易 可能已經很接近社會邊緣
先不說什麼工作可以翻轉階級因為每個人的人生際遇,金錢觀念等等都不一樣在台灣引用房板之前的文章大概可以分成九大階級
前四層大概1%
第五層大概5-10%
現在掛農保的一堆大地主福利津貼領滿滿
in practice the ordering of these rules ensured that most of the revenue would be collected either by the home countries — mostly major advanced economies — or by tax havens like Ireland, Switzerland and Singapore, which have merely raised their extraordinarily low tax rates to 15 percent.Moving from a world with no minimum tax to one with a 15 percent floor would seem to be a step forward, but there was always good reason to worry that such a low minimum would become the new standard — that a reform designed to raise the bar would actually end up lowering it. And as developing countries rely relatively more on corporate-tax revenue, it was foreseeable that they would be the biggest losers
reinforces global inequities... [non-]inclusive ... [un]sustainable
Making a gift. Gifts of money are often overlooked in economic discourse. We give money to our kids by paying for their education, or to a charity. We do not expect a monetary return, but the gift enables others to actualize their potential. Gift money plays an important regenerative role in an economic system that is still not well understood...A gift enables the recipient to invest in the future without being limited by short-term profitability, the greatest degree of freedom. Contrary to conventional wisdom, gift money often generates the highest productivity over the long term because it allows recipients to radically sense and actualize the emerging future, rather than satisfying the expectations of funders or other stakeholders who tend to driven by viewpoints and indicators of the past.The deeper structural problem of our financial crisis today falls into two categories. One, there is too much activity on level 1 money: the speculative sphere of fictitious value creation. And, two, there is too little activity on level 4 money: in the gift economy that could enable a new breed of entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs to regenerate an economy with a social mission that works for all. In short: We need to move money from level 1 (the ego-sphere of speculation) to level 4 (the eco-sphere of societal renewal).Economic theory rightly emphasizes the importance of investments and the structural importance of loans for innovation and entrepreneurship. But what is less well understood by economists today is the even higher productivity of the gift economy, as well as the toxic impact of an oversized casino economy that is driven by speculation instead of serving the development of the real economy.This is what we call the co-creative eco-system economy; it includes continuous reinvestment of money from the financial sector into nonfinancial forms of capital formation, that is, natural, human, social, and cultural-creative capital. A better balance among these spheres of monetary activity lies at the heart of the 4.0 financial system....a healthier balance among the four spheres of money-related actions, achieved by eliminating level 1 (the casino economy) and strengthening level 4 (the gift economy) in order to allow more people to tap and realize their full entrepreneurial potential.
“...... Most high-net-worth people around here do not like to give away their money. So they don’t. And if they do it,” she said, “they only do it under three conditions: one, technology is the solution; two, the problem can be measured and solved within ten years; and three, the donor can call the shots.”Those three points beautifully sum up everything that is wrong with philanthropy and impact investing today. The first condition excludes the entire universe of systemic challenges that need more than a technology fix. The second condition excludes all issues that can only be shifted over the long term—which is just about anything of real importance. And the third condition reveals a lack of understanding of generative capital...Today we have too much money in one place—speculative, extractive money—and too little money in another—intentional money that contributes to the regeneration of our ecological, social, and cultural commons
> disconnect between self and Self—that is, between one’s current “self” and the emerging future “Self” that represents one’s greatest potentia...
a much higher degree of awareness of externalities on the part of individual decision-makers. It means creating holding spaces in which actors and decision-makers can internalize the impact that their decisions have on others and the state of the whole (externalities). In the case of negotiation and dialogue, the interiorizing of externalities is usually limited to some subset of the system, such as one’s own network or interest group. Coordinating via ABC internalizes the externalities of the whole ecosystem